Analyzing Cause and Effect Relationships
Identifying Cause and Effect in Texts
Learning Standards
Content Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of text structures and organizational patterns
Performance Standard
The learner is able to analyze cause-effect relationships in various text types
Learning Competency
Analyze cause and effect relationships in narrative and informational texts
Code: EN6RC-Id-2.8.4
Complete Lesson Plan
Learning Objectives
- •
Define cause and effect
- •
Identify cause and effect relationships in texts
- •
Use signal words to recognize cause-effect patterns
- •
Write sentences showing cause and effect relationships
Lesson Procedures
motivation
Demonstrate: Drop a book on the floor. Ask: 'What caused the loud sound? What was the effect of dropping the book?'
presentation
- •
Explain with example:
- 'Because it rained (CAUSE), the street is wet (EFFECT).'
- •
Show the pattern: CAUSE (why it happened) → EFFECT (what happened)
- •
Present more examples:
- 'Maria studied hard (cause), so she passed the exam (effect).'
- 'The plant didn't get water (cause). As a result, it died (effect).'
- 'Since he was tired (cause), Pedro went to bed early (effect).'
- •
Introduce signal words:
Cause signals: because, since, due to, caused by Effect signals: so, therefore, as a result, consequently, thus
- •
Show both sentence patterns:
- Effect first: 'The game was cancelled because it rained.' (signal before cause)
- Cause first: 'It rained, so the game was cancelled.' (signal before effect)
generalization
Questions:
- What is cause and effect?
- How do we identify causes and effects in reading?
- What are signal words that show cause and effect?
- Why is understanding cause-effect important?
guided practice
- •
Identify cause and effect together:
Sentence 1: 'Because the typhoon was strong, many trees fell down.'
- Cause: typhoon was strong
- Effect: trees fell down
- •
Sentence 2: 'The ice cream melted since we left it in the sun.'
- Cause: ____________
- Effect: ____________
- •
Complete cause-effect chains:
- The alarm didn't ring → (effect) → ____________
- (cause) → ____________ → Plants grow healthy
- •
Use graphic organizer:
Cause → Effect [Box] → [Box]
independent practice
- •
Activity 1: Circle the cause and underline the effect:
- The boy fell because the floor was slippery.
- She forgot her umbrella, so she got wet.
- Due to heavy traffic, we arrived late.
- •
Activity 2: Match causes with their effects:
Cause | Effect Didn't study | Got sick Ate too much candy | Failed the test Played in the rain | Got a toothache
- •
Activity 3: Complete the sentences:
- I was late to school because ___________.
- The plants died, so ___________.
- Since it was hot, ___________.
- •
Activity 4: Read the paragraph and identify 3 cause-effect relationships:
'Last Sunday, typhoon Maring hit our town. Because of the strong winds, many roofs were damaged. The heavy rain caused flooding in low-lying areas. As a result, several families had to evacuate to the barangay hall. Since the roads were flooded, classes were suspended for two days.'
preliminary activities
- •
Prayer and greetings
- •
Review: Sequence of events
- •
Quick activity: If-then scenarios
Assessment
answers
- Cause: Ana practiced piano daily; Effect: she won the competition
- (Accept appropriate causes and effects)
- (Accept sentences with proper cause-effect using 'therefore')
- Due to, As a result
- (Accept correct sentences using 'since')
evaluation
- •
Answer:
-
Write the cause and effect: 'Because Ana practiced piano daily, she won the competition.' Cause: ___________ Effect: ___________
-
Add a cause or effect: 'The dog barked loudly because .' (add cause) ', so the flowers bloomed beautifully.' (add cause)
-
Use 'therefore' in a sentence showing cause-effect
-
Circle the signal words: 'Due to the pandemic, schools shifted to online learning. As a result, students studied at home.'
-
Write your own cause-effect sentence using 'since'
-
Materials & Resources
- •
Cause and effect graphic organizers
- •
Reading passages with cause-effect examples
- •
Signal word cards
- •
Chart paper
- •
Colored markers
- •
Scenario cards for practice
assignment
Homework:
- Find 5 cause-effect relationships in news articles or stories
- Write a paragraph about an event at school using at least 3 cause-effect relationships
- Create a cause-effect chain diagram
Remarks:
- Emphasize that one cause can have multiple effects and vice versa
- Use real-life examples to make concept relevant
subject matter
Topic: Cause and Effect Relationships
Key Concepts:
- Cause is WHY something happens (the reason)
- Effect is WHAT happens (the result)
- Cause → Effect (one action leads to another)
- Signal words: because, since, as a result, therefore, so, thus, due to, consequently
Materials:
- Cause and effect graphic organizers
- Reading passages
- Signal word cards
- Chart paper
- Colored markers
- Scenario cards